5But the pride and self-reliance of Israel testifies against him.
Therefore Israel, and [especially] 5:5 Ephraim was the most dominant of the ten tribes in the Kingdom of Israel, and this and other economic factors led to Ephraim becoming a synonym for the entire Northern Kingdom.Ephraim, stumble and fall in their wickedness and guilt;
5:5 The Southern Kingdom or Kingdom of Judah consisted primarily of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. After the united kingdom divided, Judah continued to be ruled by the kings of the Davidic line. Jerusalem was the capital city of Judah.Judah also has stumbled with them.